Dreams Essays (1694 words) - Dream, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, Sleep

Dreams Someone once said, "Throw your dreams into space like a kite, and you do not know what it will bring back, a new life, a new friend, a new love, a new country" (Nin, The Diaries of Anais). Dreams are the result of subconscious thoughts and desires. The other theory to dreams are random noises in the neurons of the brain without special meaning. Dreams are the mental activity that takes place during sleep. "Usually during REM sleep is when dreams occur" (Oxford University). Normally everyone dreams several times a night...some drugs and alcohol may impair the dream process. The inability to recall dreams is not abnormal though. Dreams are communication of the body, mind, and spirit in a symbolic state. The human brains are in constant activity when sleeping. Different states of conciseness cause different brain wave activity. The brain usually has ordinary sequences of imagination. For thousands of years dreams were regarded as "visions" or "prophesies." Dreams seem to be a way for the subconscious mind to sort out and process all the input that is encountered while people are awake. Dreams can also improve your emotional well being, reduce stress, improve creativity, and provide a "playground for your mind" while your body recovers and repairs itself. Contrary to the view that dreams server no function one theorist suggests that, "dreams are the brains way of ?unlearning' or removing certain or unneeded memories" (Kasschall, Richard). In other words dreams are a form of mental housecleaning. Such mental housecleaning might be necessary because it is not useful to remember every single detail of your life. There are two functions of dreams: to fulfill conscious wishes, to guard sleep. Most dreams also have been recorded as unpleasant. "As you begin to fall asleep your body temperature declines, your pulse rate drops, and your breathing begins to slow and even, this is called stage one sleep" (Kaschall Richard). A more active type of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement is called REM sleep. Most humans spend at least one third of their lives sleeping, during that one third, people are usually dreaming also, some scientists characterize dreams as mass hallucinations. The four main categories of dreams are prophetic, standard, physical, and nightmare. The amount of sleep needed varies depending on the individual and on the different times of the day or night. Sigmund Freud was the first scientist to study dreams thoroughly. Although dreams contain elements of the ordinary...the elements are often jumbled in fantastic ways. Freud was also the first theorist in the modern era to argue that dreams are an important part of our emotional lives. Some scientists are skeptical of dream interpretations, Nathienal Kleiman, one of the pioneers who discovered REM sleep, wrote in 1960, " Dreaming may serve no function whatsoever" (Kasschall 32). Everybody dreams, not only all humans, but mammals are shown to have REM sleep, which is associated with dreams. With just a few exceptions, all mammals go through a dreaming cycle of rapid eye movement. Since (with pets at least) this coincides with movements of the animals all having some kind of dreaming experience. Students who get good REM sleep retain the information better and for longer periods of time. This is because the brain needs time to process information form a pattern out of it, and place it in long term memory. When people are randomly awakened during REM sleep and asked what they had just been dreaming about the reports are usually very dull or even boring, although most people do not remember what they were dreaming about. Theories about REM sleep and why we dreams are as "bountiful" and different as dreams themselves. Some reasons why we have REM sleep are, REM sleep aids the consolidation of long-term memory, cleans the brain of unneeded information, and is necessary to provide the brain with occasional stimulation during sleep. Some scientists also say REM sleep is necessary for brain growth. Sensual input while sleeping is incorporated into dreams. Most notably, while sleeping, you hear as well as while your awake-the ears are never turned off. This leads to the consequence that what you hear while your sleeping, you'll hear in your dreams. The sound is always coming from somewhere. Common experiences of this kind are a telephone ringing or music from a radio. It's not important how loud the noise is to get noticed when sleeping. Even an otherwise unnoticed sound, like a mouse running over your floor, can wake you up if it is uncommon, or otherwise alarming to you. On

Free Essays on Hick - Free WIll

An attempt to make the existence of an omnipotent and benevolent God coincide along with the existence of evil is known as a Theodicy. Theodicy according to our text means the justification of God’s goodness in the face of the fact of evil. Theodicy first divides the evil in the world into Moral evil and Non-Moral evil. Moral Evil is the evil that human being cause - either to themselves or to each other. Non-Moral Evil is the evil that is not caused by human activity - natural disasters, etc. The existence of Moral evil is explained by claiming, as many theodicies do, that God allows the existence of Moral evil because human beings have free wills. The existence of a free will is necessary for the proper worship of God, and to avoid the pitfalls of predestination. If we wanted the evil to stop, it is up to us to make it happen. Hick argues that there is a way that God can be omnipotent and benevolent, and still have evil exist in the world. It is because humans have free will. If we are to truly have free will, then we have to be allowed to choose evil. He thinks, also, that a world in which people have free will is the best possible world. Another objection he makes is that "omnipotent" has to be defined in a certain way to make this premise true. It would have to mean that there are infinitely many ways to create a universe and God is capable of creating all of them. But Hick says there are not infinitely many ways to create a universe; any universe must at least be logical. That is a restriction on the kind of worlds that can exist. My first reply to Hick is that we are not really free anyway. At first thought, there are limitations on what we can do both physically and mentally†¦ so FREE to me seems to be a little far fetched. When I think about free will in more simple terms, for instance, if we didn't have free will we would be puppets and not human beings, and in order to really have free will, one must be able to choose... Free Essays on Hick - Free WIll Free Essays on Hick - Free WIll An attempt to make the existence of an omnipotent and benevolent God coincide along with the existence of evil is known as a Theodicy. Theodicy according to our text means the justification of God’s goodness in the face of the fact of evil. Theodicy first divides the evil in the world into Moral evil and Non-Moral evil. Moral Evil is the evil that human being cause - either to themselves or to each other. Non-Moral Evil is the evil that is not caused by human activity - natural disasters, etc. The existence of Moral evil is explained by claiming, as many theodicies do, that God allows the existence of Moral evil because human beings have free wills. The existence of a free will is necessary for the proper worship of God, and to avoid the pitfalls of predestination. If we wanted the evil to stop, it is up to us to make it happen. Hick argues that there is a way that God can be omnipotent and benevolent, and still have evil exist in the world. It is because humans have free will. If we are to truly have free will, then we have to be allowed to choose evil. He thinks, also, that a world in which people have free will is the best possible world. Another objection he makes is that "omnipotent" has to be defined in a certain way to make this premise true. It would have to mean that there are infinitely many ways to create a universe and God is capable of creating all of them. But Hick says there are not infinitely many ways to create a universe; any universe must at least be logical. That is a restriction on the kind of worlds that can exist. My first reply to Hick is that we are not really free anyway. At first thought, there are limitations on what we can do both physically and mentally†¦ so FREE to me seems to be a little far fetched. When I think about free will in more simple terms, for instance, if we didn't have free will we would be puppets and not human beings, and in order to really have free will, one must be able to choose...

Mixed Methods Research Manuscript Critique Assignment

Mixed Methods Research Manuscript Critique - Assignment Example plied the communication theory on its sample students in an attempt to understand the students’ perception on the use of the substances (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Through the communication theory, the researcher would understand the health knowledge of the students, their attitudes and even reactional behaviors towards the substance. After gathering information on the students’ perception on the use of the drugs, the researcher would then be better placed to define mechanisms that would properly educate the students on the dangers of the prescription drugs (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). The quantitative and qualitative methodologies complemented each other in the research. The two forms of methodology provided an understanding on the rising numbers on the use of ADHD stimulant use. The quantitative methodology gave the statistics on the use of the stimulants while qualitative gave results on the interviews with the students (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Data was collected quantitatively using surveys and qualitatively using in-depth interviews. Convenience sampling was used to get the best students to give the correct data on the use of ADHD stimulant drugs (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Data was gathered via the use of in-depth interviews through the hand-held audio tape recorders. Rigor was assured through training and supervising the researchers on interviewing process, the ethical strategies, and the transcription procedure (DeSantis, Webb & Noar, 2008). Prior to participating in the study, the students were advised that the study would be voluntary and would lead to a productive educational experience. The students then provided their consent before the survey completions. Written agreements were also obtained from the students before the interview took place (DeSantis, Webb & Noar,

Sales planning and operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sales planning and operations - Essay Example Sales can be stated as the lifeblood of a business.Earning sustained profitability is the basic aim of conducting sales activities in an organisation. In order to boost up the sales of LPPT Cola in the market, the corporation needs to identify the target market for their offered products. Subsequently, after recognising premium target consumer segment of the products which can facilitate to increase the sales of the company in the long run, the organization needs to make a comprehensive market analysis to recognise the specific requirement trends of the customers from the offered product (Treace, 2013). In the following step, LPPT Cola needs to make an outline of their sales plan. The company needs to study its targeted market thoroughly and consequently it needs to analyse the sales objectives as well as the requirement of manpower to reach the end-users (IILM, n.d.). As a Sales Director, there is a need to have a directional plan in place for the entire sales team at the outset. Mo reover, a contingency plan also needs to be prepared so that any untoward scenario in terms of unavailability of a sales team member is handled efficiently. At the same time, if the Sales Director of LPPT Cola finds it to be necessary, he can even interact with the concerned authorities of the same industry, which will help him to advise the marketing manager to sketch a detailed structure of the plan (The Sales Management Association, 2013). After the determination of the targeted market and sketching the sales plan, the next process will be the creating a network or connectivity. To make the consumers aware of the products of LPPT Cola, at the initial stage, the organization can take the aid of strategies such as telemarketing, e-mailing and door-to-door selling among others. In terms of pricing of the products, it is essential to prepare a competitive pricing to mitigate the threat of substitute products. With regard to the sales force, LPPT Cola needs to inculcate the strategy o f planning, coordination, controlling and motivating to ensure that customers are offered with best possible service. This strategy can ensure a sustained profitability from sales activities in the long run (Kundu, n.d). Structure of the Sales Department Learning Outcome (b) Business objectives are the aims, purposes and goals of the business. The significant role of business is to achieve its goals. The main objective of the business is to maximize its profitability. Operating business cannot have only one objective because a company needs to meet the demands of different stakeholders such as employees, consumers, creditors and shareholders among others. In terms of the stages or processes involved in an organisational sales strategy, it can be said that the primary facets involve: Preparing sales objectives Studying sales market environment Recognising the various alternatives available Assessing the alternatives and selecting the best possible one for the organisation Preparing s ales budget and forecast Formulating sales plan and gaining approval of the management Executing the sales plan with the help of appropriate human resource allocation Making an evaluation and review of the sales plan Source: (Trehan & Trehan, n.d.) There are four basic sales strategies such as account targeting, sales channel, selling and relationship, the categorization of these accounts within a targeted market for incorporating strategic approaches in the sales, through accounting groups or accounting. An organized selling procedure for each accounting targeting, sales channel, relationship and selling strategy develops effective and efficient selling procedure which is a significant in

Leadership and Management Module Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership and Management Module - Case Study Example Ryanair's first cabin crew recruits had to be less than 5ft. 2ins. tall in order that they were able to operate in the tiny cabin of the aircraft! As proclaimed on its website, Ryanair was Europe's original low fares airline and is still Europe's largest low fares carrier. In the current year, Ryanair will carry over 35million passengers on 288 low fare routes across 21 European countries. With 12 European bases and a fleet of over 100 brand new Boeing 737-800 aircraft and with firm orders for a further 125 new aircraft, delivered over the next seven years, Ryanair is ready for an awesome takeoff. These additional aircraft will allow Ryanair to double in size to over 70 million passengers per annum by 2012 recording stupendous growth. Ryanair currently employs a team of 2,700 people, comprising over 25 different nationalities. Ryanair continuous to clock record passenger growth [Appendix 1] Ryanair's CEO, Michael O'Leary, has a vision of a world where the fare could drop to nothing, as local communities would subsidize the airline to bring a steady traffic of business people and tourists to their region. Rather than blending its low fares with some emotional benefits, Ryanair packs its brand with functional benefits such as punctuality and efficiency. In Ryanair's words "At Ryanair, we guarantee you the lowest fares on the Internet. However, our success is due -- not just to our low fares -- but also a winning combination of our No.1 on-time record, our friendly and efficient people and our new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft". Mission Statement A successful example of a European no frills airline is Ryanair. It was established based on the assumption that the demands for short-haul air transport are price elastic. That means, if prices for flights are reduced, it is more appealing and therefore more people will fly. Ryanair strives to sell tickets at the lowest prices possible but at the same time promotes the fact that it is an on-time high frequency flyer. Ryanair does not offer any frills. It is not in the business to offer luxury flying experience or gourmet in-flight meals or a memorable flight. Its mission is to offer flights that cater to mass transportation and simply a 'point-to-point air service' to its customers. It promises just that and offers nothing more. Business model Traditionally airlines based their assumptions on the fact that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and are catered towards the more affluent and that cutting prices will only lead to a decrease in revenues. With the introduction of the 'no-nonsense' concept to the European market, after its deregulation in 1992, Ryanair has been proved right repeatedly in its revolutionary concept. While traditional airlines used the hub-and-spoke methodology to fly, Ryanair introduced the point-to-point method of flying reducing waste enormously. Ryanair has expanded phenomenally in its size and

Helios Solar Farm Project Scope Construction Essay

Helios Solar Farm Project Scope Construction Essay The purpose of this scope statement is to define, document, approve, and control the scope of a 100MW Solar Energy Plant Project of Phoenix Group. The appointed project team shall plan, execute, control, and close the project according to this document. Overview of the project Project Name: Helios Solar Farm Nature: 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant Location: Greece Time: 5 years after project initiation date Cost: 400,000,000.00 Euro The renewable energy sector has experienced significant growth in recent years fuelled by EU energy policy, technological innovation, and rising fossil fuel prices. On April 25, 2007, the Hellenic Regulatory Energy Authority (REA) issued a National Program for the Development of Power Stations in Greece, which state that by the end of 2010, 21% of Electric Energy consumed must be from Renewable Energy sources as per commitments to EU Strategic Development. Encouraged by the policy and the continuous investment return and low operating risk nature of Solar Power Project, the Phoenix Group decide to establish a 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant named Phoenix Solar Energy Plant in Greece. Project Scope The Helios Solar Farm will be a ground-based very large scale photovoltaic power plant consisting of 10 inter-connected solar farms, each capable of producing 10 MW of electricity within a margin of 5%. Once completed, it shall cater for the electricity needs of over 1,500,000 solar panels which can annually generate 100,000 MWh electricity to fulfill the needs of approx. 30,000 family homes, and save around 50,000 Tones CO2 per year. Project Objectives To design and to construct the Photovoltaic Power Plant. To be profitable not only for the shareholders but also the final users. To have efficient communication and organization through all the project development. Dismantle the entire complex at the life cycles end (35 years after construction). Capitalize on any technological breakthroughs take place during the design/build and construction phase of the project within the fields of Architecture, Engineering, Sociology and Business. The initial planning budget for this project is 400,000,000.00 Euro Project Requirements: Provide Project Management services throughout the projects life-cycle. Provide maintenance services for a period of 35 years after finishing construction. Define business units for the performance of the project as logistics, purchasing, engineering, marketing, accounting and finance and so on. Determine the policies for the project development as the foundation. Acquire funding, sponsorships and strategic partnerships by means of Business Development. Environment research. To set up logistical routes to enhance effective and low cost material transportation. Planning for overall the project such as materials, human resources, etc. Quality controls. Project Assumptions: Stable long term investment return. Improve quality of life. Worlds biggest photovoltaic power plant. Long term benefits for economy and environment. Project Constraints: A negative position in the public ´s mind as activism, monopolies, traditionalist ideology, corruption. Mega Project scale. A risk of snowball effect when small problem might occurred but without been detected because the magnitude of the project. Lack of material or skilled labor. Global economic situation. Lack of sponsor and/or client commitment. Supply Chain shortfalls. Limited Logistics capacity of selected location. Project Deliverables: 100MW Photovoltaic Power Plant delivered 5 years following Project Initiation. Connection to main power grid. To provide sustainable facilities according to Eco- friendly policies. Conformance to relevant Standards, Codes of Practice (CoP), HAZMAT and Health and Safety guidelines. Plant decommissioning at the end of the projected life cycle. Provide Operation and Maintenance (OM) Manuals. Project Acceptance Criteria: The Project will be delivered within the agreed time and budget Everything has to be test and should fulfill the highest quality standards according to the established criteria. Paperwork should be submitted at delivery time. Periodical Auditing/Quality checks carried out in regular intervals throughout the Project. Reports and status progress should be delivered in the team meetings. Semi-independent operational status for each division to ensure flexibility. Divisions should operate according to project needs and requirements but have to adhere to the following constraints: Project Organization Structure Project Management Provide Project Services throughout the projects life cycle. Conduct Risk Assessment on a quarterly basis. Provide Time and Cost management services. Implement QMS Perform QA in accordance with implemented QMS. Supply Chain Division All tasks should be accomplished and performed according to the shipment policies and products specifications. Freight quotes agreements and contracts should be specify at the beginning of the project for the project duration, price increases should be regulated with a matrix and % limits in order to overpass the budget. Constant supervision and tracking transportation performance in order to avoid delayed material. To hire a customs agencies in order to fulfill the import regulations and to prevent extra costs. Warehouse forecast and cycle counts. Customs and taxes verification completed before the imports. Engineering Design and Build according to current Eurocode Codes and Standards, amend if necessary. Complete Pilot project prior to initiation of the Design Phase. Provide full set of drawings. Technical Specifications should adhere to current Eurocode Codes and Standards. Use of green materials and techniques where applicable. Risk analysis Compile Health and Safety Manuals. Provide decommission plan in compliance with current Hazmat Codes and Standards. Human Resources Personnel salaries should conform to current international treaties and regulations, with annual readjustments. Roles and responsibility description documentation should have done before starting the project. Detailed HRM will be performed by each Division semi-autonomously. Detailed and clear Union agreements should be signed and documented before starting the construction or hiring according to current laws and regulations. Conflict resolution always has to be guided by the established policies. Business Development Budgets and reports has to be accurate and be done by using the latest information and reliable data including external factors like tax rates, possible changes in taxes or any other variable covering a range of 12 to 15 years within reasonable forecasting capabilities.. Liaison duties following project initiation phase up to 3 years before completion to ensure political and public support, forming of strategic alliances/partnerships in inter-governmental and international organization level. Perform a Feasibility Study prior to initiation of Design Phase. Publicity campaign strongly oriented into the positive positioning. Contra-marketing plan in order to fight negative public opinion. Initial Work Breakdown Structure Politic statement Purpose Provide guidance for planning and handling negotiations with land owners and authorities in concern of Helios Solar Farm project. Scope This statement provides guidance for purchasing/leasing land, communication with public authority. Land Purchasing/Leasing Policy All activities involve purchasing and/or leasing of land during the project life cycle shall be reported to the project Management Board and must be conducted in accordance with the following procedure: I. An application and a report containing the complete details of the land (location, environment, legal owner, value, term of use, applicable laws or regulations, and etc.) must be filed and submitted to the Management Board by the Project Manager. II. If the application is approved by the Management Board, the board will grant an operating budget as state in the application to the Project Team, and will have authority to make expenditures within that budget. The project manager will be charged with the responsibility of preparing and executing legal agreement with land owner(s), and ensuring appraisal of land selected in terms of cost and suitability. III. The Management Board has right to deny an application, and the denied application shall not be submitted again. IV. While dealing and negotiating with the landowner and any relevant third party, the project team shall bear in mind the matter of confidential of the project. Public Communication Policy While communicating with any public authority, the project team shall keep in mind that: I. All external communication shall be documented. II. Communication shall be effective and efficient. III. Develop sustaining effective relationships with authorities. IV. Promote company image and reputation. V. All communications that may influence the project must be reported to the Project Manager. Environment statements Purpose: State the environmental objectives of the Helios Solar Farm Project. Scope: This statement provides a guidance to manage the environment throughout the Project Life Cycle. . Environmental Policy: I. The Project Manager shall educate, train and motivate staff to conduct their activities in an environmentally responsible manner. II. All activities in the project shall conform to most international environmental regulations and standards. III. Conduct an environmental impact assessment of each project phase, and act accordingly. Quality Policy Phoenix Group is committed to uphold the following quality statements: Achieve or exceed customer expectations. Maintain and expand employee competencies. Strive for constant improvement. Take all necessary steps to achieve project goals. Probable quality issues during the course of the project Quality involves everyone and all activities in the projects, any mistake or constrain can affect the whole project quality. Examples of lack of quality are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of skilled labor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mistake in management process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low quality material. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delay in product delivery. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer requirement not fulfilled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Installation shortfalls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capacity limits of harbor in selected location. Cause-and-effect Diagram Quality criteria of the project Customer Satisfaction: Customer and stakeholders requirements are fulfilled. Product and service quality data collection processes are well established. Business planning criteria: The project planning process is well established. All plans are reviewed regularly for progress and corrective actions taken when necessary. The business planning process includes managing the linkage to other areas of the value delivery chain. The vision and planned strategic are achieved. Business results are achieved as a result of good business planning. Management criteria: Project objectives, goals and schedules are clearly defined. There is a good data collection, analysis and understanding of root cause. Alternative solutions are reviewed and results have been achieved. Reviews are standardized and future plans are made. Key processes or activities are monitored and controlled. The key processes or activities are managed systematically. The project performance method has routinely been improved and documented Employee development criteria: Project and quality team are well managed. Employee training programs are implemented and sustained. Employees are empowered to make decisions and proposals. Quality audits system Follow the instruction of ISO 10011-1 Standard for Planning and Performing Quality Audits, we suggest similar project in the future shall follow the procedures listed below to perform the quality audit to improve its quality: Prepare an audit plan, this should be prepared by the audit manager and approved by the customer before the audit begins. The plan will define the objectives and scope of the audit, explain how long each phase of the audit will take, specify where and when the audit will be carried out.  It will also introduce the lead auditor and his team members, identify the quality elements, the groups and areas that will be audited, list the documents and records that will be studied and the people who are responsible for quality and whose areas and functions will be audited. The plan has to explain when meetings will be held with auditees senior management, and clarify who will get the final audit  report and when it will be ready. (ISO 10011-1) Perform the audit plan. This step starts with having an open meeting with the auditees senior management to introduce the audit team and the audit plan, confirm that the auditee is ready to support the audit process.  Then, the auditors have to Prepare audit working papers, such as quality management checklists and forms for record observations and collect evidence.   The evidence can be collected by interviewing personnel, reading documents, reviewing manuals, studying records, reading reports, scanning files, analyzing data, observing activities and examining conditions. Evidence shall be confirmed by more objective means.   Clues can be found through investigate evidences; the auditors must study the evidence and  document their observations; key nonconformities which are supported by the evidence and cross-referenced to the standards that are being violated must be listed. Auditors must draw conclusions about how  well the quality system is applying its policies and ach ieving  its objectives, and discuss evidence, observations, conclusions, recommendations, and nonconformities with senior managers of auditee before they prepare a final audit report.   (ISO 10011-1) Prepare the final audit report. The audit report should be dated  and signed by the lead auditor. This report should include the detailed audit plan, a review of the collected evidence, a discussion of the conclusions that were drawn, a list of the nonconformities that were identified, a judgment about how well the quality system  complies with all quality system requirements, and an assessment of the quality systems ability to achieve   quality objectives and apply the quality system policy.   The final report shall be sent to the client by lead auditor, and the client should send it to the auditee. (ISO 10011-1) The final step is to take remedial actions to correct or prevent nonconformities; and  a follow-up audits should be scheduled in order to verify that corrective and preventive actions were taken. (ISO 10011-1)

Caffeine in Athletics Essays -- Nutrition Sports Health Essays

Caffeine in Athletics The world’s most popular drug is legal, inexpensive, and believed to amplify workouts. It supposedly motivates athletes and helps them stay alert and focused while also boosting physical endurance by twenty to fifty percent. This stimulant is found naturally in sixty-three plants and is consumed by eighty percent of Americans. This white, bitter, crystalline substance is known as caffeine, and is commonly consumed in efforts to enhance athletic ability (http://gopher1.bu.edu/COHIS/substance/caffeine/about.htm). Caffeine is a very popular stimulant among athletes because most believe that it provides energy, increases alertness, and quickens reaction time. When in beverage form, caffeine reaches all body tissues within five minutes of ingestion. However, peak blood levels are reached in thirty minutes. Therefore, many cyclists consume a cup of coffee half an hour before short races begin. Others drink a bottle of coke diluted with water during the last half of longer races (http://www.roble.net/marquis/caffeine). The use of caffeine is controversial in the sports world, because it is a stimulant. In fact, the UCI forbids drinking caffeine in large quantities prior to competitions. But, why is there such a desire amongst athletes to consume this drug? Are its results really that effective? To answer these questions one must investigate how caffeine works. How does it affect the body? The exact process by which it affects the body is unknown. It is suspected that caffeine affects the nervous system by altering the perception of effort and exciting the neurons responsible for contracting muscles. It may also be accountable for causing more fat and less... ...1. Kaminsky, Martin, and Whaley (1998) Caffeine consumption habits do not influence the exercise blood pressure response following caffeine ingestion. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38, 53-8. Pasman, van Baak, Jeukendrup, and de Haan (1995) The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 225-30. Tarnolpolsky (1994) Caffeine and endurance performance. Sports Medicine, 18, 109-25. Wemple, Lamb, and McKeever (1997) Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 40-6. William (1991) Caffeine, neuromuscular function and high-intensity exercise performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31, 481- 9.

Global Village Essay

Abstract: The process of creating and sharing information with one another is called communication. The world is becoming a small-intersected community for the rapid changes in technology, expansion of multinational business or activities, transportation and immigration. The sustainability of global economy largely depends on the multinational business or other activities. Therefore, it is essential to communicate effectively among the people from different cultures, nations and groups. But cultural differences stand as barrier for effective communication. Informal understandings among the people, parties from different cultures make the base of effective communication. Proper intercultural communication is the way to make the overall communication more efficient and effective. The emerging use of social media networks also making base of effective intercultural communication. Interactions among different cultural people are making them more familiar to the other cultures and resulting common and shared cultural activities. It is also making the informal understanding among different cultural people. Intercultural communication is also making people much more communicative than previous. People are improving their communication skills, competences by the grace of intercultural communication. Intercultural communications has also impacts on the social, political and cultural values. People are sharing common cultures day by day and society also holding similar values gradually. The political issues are no more for a particular group as people from different places of the world reacting simultaneously. Every major political issue is becoming a global concern. Finally each and every type of communication form has impact on intercultural communication. Verbal, non-verbal, written, visual these all types of communication are influencing intercultural communication. Contents Abstract:2 Introduction:4 The importance of Intercultural Communication in the global view of the world:5 The role of social media such as, Facebook in Intercultural  Communication6 The impact of Intercultural communication on the Communication competence7 The effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values8 The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication9 Conclusion:10 References:11 Introduction: Today the world we live in is â€Å"a global village† where no nation, group or culture can remain anonymous (Samovar & Porter, 1991). One part of the world clearly impacts on the other part of the world. And the impact is growing day by day. By the blessings of the modern technology we can easily communicate with the people from anywhere, any nations any cultures of the world. So, if we do not know that particular cultures it may be a critical task to deal with the people. Intercultural communication is a form communication among different groups of people from different cultures of the world. It is also widely known as cross-cultural communication. Some people say that intercultural communication is only communications among the people from different nations. But some disagree and say, it encompasses broader area including inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and even inter-regional communication Even they include communication among individuals of different sexual orientations are as intercultural communication. This assignment encompasses the importance of intercultural communication and the impacts of social media on it. It also covers the impacts of intercultural communication on communication competences of an individual. The impacts on various social, cultural and political aspects are also described in this assignment. Finally, it has critical assessment of the impacts of different communication types like verbal nonverbal written or visual. The importance of Intercultural Communication in the global view of the world: Intercultural Communication has great importance in the global economy, culture and politics as well. Intercultural Communication is most essential for business purpose. When a company runs its business to  different parts of the world it is necessary important to have better understanding about the cultures of different targeting groups. They have to communicate to different segments of people like the suppliers, customers, workers from totally different cultures from the different part of the world. To increase the productivity intercultural communication is also important. As an example, an apparel company produces clothing. If their production plant is located in Europe, it will take very high cost for per unit of production. Then overall productivity will go down. If they have the factory in southern Asia then it can be produced more from the same cost of production as they have low workers cost. Furthermore, in a factory there may have different people from different cultures, if they have a good interactions among them, it will also increase the overall productivity. It opens the door of innovation by teamwork. We all know that, talents are scattered to each and every corner of the world. We also know that, no big outcome is come by a single effort. Each and every radical success so far, is brought by a team work. If the team comprises of talent people from different parts of the world, it would be the best to bring a good result. But the most important issue is that, good interactions and communications among them. Intercultural communication is also important to practice team work for better result. Immigration is another important issue largely depend on intercultural communication. People from the low income country, are selling their labour to the economically stronger county. Here, both parties are getting benefited, as the stronger country is getting low paid worker, where the workers are also getting work opportunity. But, here intercultural communication is also important. We also well concerned about the internet based business in the world. Freelancing is also an emerging issue by the grace of technology. People from one part of the world are getting their jobs done from an expert from a thousand kilometres away. This business is certainly brings a positive some game for the both worker and provider. Modern organizations are composed of diverse people and managers from different culture s to operate multinational business. Intercultural communication also fosters the management skill and leadership skills. Intercultural communication has also importance on global political issues. People are becoming a community with the concern of every trivial political issue. The role of social media such as, Facebook in Intercultural Communication There is a critical role of social media in intercultural communication. Facebook, twitter, MySpace are being used by billions of people across the world. They are interacting in same platform. They are becoming friend from one part of the world to another, from one culture to another culture. Moreover, any news and updates are spreading each and every part of the world just with in a second. These interactions are making a strong base of intercultural communication. As an example, people from china may have different cultural activities and festivals which are very unfamiliar to a person from Europe. But a Chinese is spreading his festivity through the facebook to t person of Europe. Therefore, the person of Europe is getting familiar with the festivals, norms and other cultural activities of the Chinese people. Same to the Chinese one he/she is also getting familiar to the cultures of Europe. Therefore, a strong base is being built by sharing those social media networks. People are getting familiar to the cultural activities to the different parts of the world and intercultural communication is getting improved day by day. People are participating all the cultural activities beyond their own borders and cultures. Moreover, these networks are opening window of interacting informally with one another. Therese informal communication is most important for the better understanding among the people. It helps to clarify all the cultural factors and give an inner insight about a totally different culture. These social media are also helping to communicate with all forms of communication like verbal, non-verbal, written and visual as they are giving opportunity of video conversation. Therefore a strong understanding is growing up and effective intercultural communication is built. The impact of Intercultural communication on the Communication competence Communication competence is the ability to interact well with others (Spitzberg, 1988).To maximize the achievement of communication and to generate adaptive communication performances by using knowledge of self, other, context a situational ability to set realistic and appropriate goals is needed. This ability is communication competence. (Friedrich 1994). Intercultural communication has great impact on the communication  competences of an individual. These are describes as follows. Adaptability: Intercultural communication increases a person’s adaptability by opening new window of social experience, social confirmation, wit and social composure. Empathy: It also helps to increase the ability to demonstrate understanding and share emotional reactions to the situation. It creates the sense of helping each other, parallel emotions and cognitive understanding. Communication ability: It also to increase overall communication and interaction ability among the people. It also increases the flexibility, sensibility, tolerance among the people. It also makes the people to become more broad and open-minded. Interactions among different people increase the confidence in the mind and create sympathy and respect to the other cultural people as well. Therefore, this respect and make people more interactive and their competences of communication increases. People are getting motivated to work with the other cultural people more comfortably. Hence, their sense of interpersonal understanding is growing. People get concepts all informal issues of a culture and communication elements of a particular culture through intercultural communication. The effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values Intercultural Communication has impacts on the social, political and cultural values of the people. If we see there is a social change for intercultural communication. The societies of each and different parts of the earth are becoming almost similar. Even in a nation, societies are trying to hold certain standards by following the other society. These are becoming only for the blessings of intercultural communication. Intercultural communication has also impact on the cultural values. As the people are getting familiar with the other cultures day by day it has impacts on his own culture. One example is described as follows. In Europe, Valentine’s Day is observed with a great festivity or New Year celebration is also observed in a great festivity. But by the grace of the modern world and most importantly for intermural communication these festivals are no more for Europe only. People from every part of the world, like Bangladesh is observing these festivals with a great festivity. So, it is clear that one culture is influencing to another culture and new cross-cultural activities are emerging. Popular festivals are no more for a group of  people, people are appreciating cultural activities from different cultures and including to their culture and new cultures are emerging. Cultures are becoming global as well. Finally, the political aspects are also being influenced by the intercultural communications. World politicians are not only concerned about their country only; they have to think a lot about the other parts as well. It will be clear, if we see the very recent incident of Syria. The tragic incident, made an allegation across the world. This is now becoming very common scenario now. Any national incident is no more for a group of people only. It is a concern of the whole world. The world is reacting spontaneously and simultaneously. So, there are also some radical changes for intercultural communications. The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication There are different forms of communication. People communicate verbally, non-verbally, in a written way or visually. These all type of communication has impacts on interpersonal communication. Few examples will make it clear. Firstly, ‘Good Morning / evening’ are widely used in western culture. These greeting words are the part of their culture. But gradually it is growing global greetings. If we see social network page in a morning, this will be very clear. We can find lots of greetings form different cultural people of the world. What is their culture, their language do not matter actually. Even sometime words have different meaning in different languages, which may create complexity. But gradually these complexities are overcome by the grace of globalization and effective intercultural communication. Another example regarding non-verbal communication form will make the topic clearer. Thumbs up is sign of alright in particular culture but this sign has an opposite meaning in another culture. It is used as an insulting sign in particular cultural group. So, it may be problem when two persons are communicating non-verbally. But, now frequent and massive communications among different cultural groups of people are making these issues more clear. Gradually non- verbal communications are also growing with universal meaning. Similarly, in written communication, certain cultural people have some norms but while communicating to another cultural people it may create some noise. Massive intercultural communications are also reducing these problems. Visual  elements can also be a form of communication. Many pictures, colours have different meaning to different cultural groups of people. People are communicating with video conversation, sharing visual elements in social media in massive scales and these issues are also becoming identical. Conclusion: Message transmission is the main problem in intercultural communication. One person can easily encode or interpret the message from a person of similar culture as they have common values, beliefs and norms. But in cross cultural communication, messages can be encoded different way even sometimes can be interpreted with an opposite meaning. Effective intercultural communications are making these issues more issues and creating a good platform for a good communication base. And these are being built by the grace of modern technology, social media. Intercultural communication is also playing a vital role to the success of multinational organization. Practicing intercultural communication increases the communication competencies of an individual. He or she also gets motivated, confident and efficient than before while communicating proficiently to the co-workers from different cultures. All the forms of communication have also impacts on the intercultural communication. The global village will soon hold very similar culture, values and languages. Intercultural communications are making the base to make globe a borderless village. References: 1. Allwood, J., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Intercultural communication in a virtual environment. Intercultural Communication, 4, 1-15. 2. BeerE.Jennifer. (2003). High and Low Context. Communicating Across Cultures. Retrieved December 01, 2013, from http://www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html 3. Bomadan, (2010), Importance of Intercultural Communication Retrieved January 07, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/join.php?redirectUrl=%2Fessays%2FImportance-Of-Intercultural-Communication-To-Ist-297367.html&from=essay 4. Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. British Journal of Sociology. 5. Elisabeth Harper , (2013), Interactive, Social Media Retrieved January 02 from, http://www.omnistudio.com/category/interactive/

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French In French, the verb  trouver  means to find. This is a little easier to remember if you think of finding a treasure trove. Beyond that, youll also need to memorize the verbs conjugations in order to say things like the present tense finding and the past tense found. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations of  trouver  youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Trouver Verb conjugations in French are a little trickier than they are in English. Where we use -ing and -ed endings to indicate the present and past tenses, French uses a new ending for each subject pronoun within each tense. That means you have more words to memorize. The good news for French students is that  trouver  is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most common conjugation patterns found in the French language, so the endings you learn here can also be applied to a number of other verbs. Well begin the lesson with the indicative mood, which includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Once you know that the verbs radical (or stem) is  trouv-, you can apply the appropriate ending. The chart will help you study these words. Simply pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your sentence. For example, I am finding is  je trouve  and we found is  nous trouvions. Practicing these in context will speed up your memorization and there are many common  expressions with  trouver  that can help you out. Present Future Imperfect je trouve trouverai trouvais tu trouves trouveras trouvais il trouve trouvera trouvait nous trouvons trouverons trouvions vous trouvez trouverez trouviez ils trouvent trouveront trouvaient The Present Participle of  Trouver For regular verbs, adding -ant to the verb stem forms the present participle. For trouver, that creates the word trouvant. Trouver  in the Compound Past Tense Beyond the imperfect, you can also use the compound past tense known as the  passà © composà ©. This requires a simple construction using the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  trouvà ©. The only conjugation you need to worry about here is for  avoir.  Youll use the present tense that matches the subject, then attach the past participle. For example, I found is  jai trouvà ©Ã‚  and we found is  nous avons trouvà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Trouver Among the other simple conjugations youll want to study for  trouver  are the subjunctive and the conditional. They both have some degree of uncertainty in the act of finding, with the conditional implying that its dependent on something else happening. There may also be times when youll encounter or use the passà © simple  or  imperfect subjunctive. However, all of the other forms should be your top priority as these are only used on occasion. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je trouve trouverais trouvai trouvasse tu trouves trouverais trouvas trouvasses il trouve trouverait trouva trouvà ¢t nous trouvions trouverions trouvà ¢mes trouvassions vous trouviez trouveriez trouvà ¢tes trouvassiez ils trouvent trouveraient trouvà ¨rent trouvassent The imperative  form  is the only one that doesnt require the subject pronoun. Its used in short sentences and instead of  tu trouve, you can simplify it to  trouve. Imperative (tu) trouve (nous) trouvons (vous) trouvez

Apply Porter 5 forces to IBM

Apply Porter 5 forces to IBM With Porter five forces framework, we identify the sources of competition facing IBM:-1.Threat of new entrantsHigh capital requirement needed to fund RD and assets make the threat of new entrants relatively low. IBM spends large amount of funds annually for RD, in order to constantly introduce new high-technology and innovative products and solutions to market to maintain its' competitiveness,Tougher for new entrants to achieve economies of scale due to experience curve effect. In addition, Consumers' preference over established brands, long-term relationship and broad product portfolio make IBM the preferred brand.2.Threat of SubstitutesPropensity to substitute is low for buyers. Threat varies from low to medium with high switching cost and product differentiation such as technology, performance, functionality etc.3. Bargaining power of buyersBargaining power is high during sourcing stage. However, buyers' bargaining power decrease after the purchase stage as switching cost is high with compatibility concerns, migration issues and cost of hardware/software."HP"-Garage in Palo Alto4.Bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers' bargaining power is low for the industry, IBM maintains a diversity of suppliers.5.Intensity of rivalry among established firmsAfter several years of contraction, the global IT industry returns to growth. The competition in the industry is intense with big boys like Microsoft, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Sun Microsystems with diversified capabilities.Gerry Johnson, Kevin Scholes and Richard Whittington (2005), Exploring Corporate Strategy - Text and Cases, 7th edition, Harlow : FT/Prentice Hall.IBM Corporation, available online from ibm.comIBM Annual report 2004, An IBM Prospectus, Understanding Our Company, available online from ibm.com/annualreport/2004/prospectus/IBM Public Affairs, available online from ibm.com/ibmIBM corporation, Government and Public Policy, available online : www.ibm.com

Discovery Strategies for Self-expression and Persuasion Personal Statement

Discovery Strategies for Self-expression and Persuasion - Personal Statement Example Outline preparation often requires consideration of a variety of topics before sorting them out to select the very basic to the subject matter in question. Valerie also likes using regular outlines due to their structural nature. I agree with Valerie because an essay can lose focus if the writer does not adhere to a specific structure. A regular outline implies that there a definite structure consisting of the introduction, body, and conclusion (Kapai 31). I also conquer with Valerie concerning the differences between process and persuasive essays; in process essays, the write-only outlines the main facts, but persuasive essays require consideration of both sides before taking a stand. According to Kapai, giving due consideration to both sides of the argument portrays respect to other people’s views and limits fallacious conclusions during discussions (11).

LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT 3 - Essay Example Firstly, companies examine the flow of value throughout the production down to the customer. Then they classify the processes that need improvement by using nonperforming functional metrics. Additionally, they use other elements of the model like the fishbone structure to explain the cause and influence of the people, resources, systems, equipments and the environment on the improvement of their products and services (Cole, 2011). With this knowledge, companies hence focus on costs reduction by optimizing their processes while controlling the production inputs to eliminate defects. Additionally, they focus on error reduction by strengthening and automating procedures for completing the production. Lastly, management of the model entails frequent inspections and auditing to ensure that the scheme maintains high performances (Cole, 2011). JIT concept facilitates the LSS management scheme by helping the company minimize their in-process inventories. JIT provides a cycle of signals, which informs the production line hence the system is able to identify the appropriate time of initiating each specific stage of production (Cole, 2011). The model uses ordinary indicators mainly the visual signals like the deficiency or presence of a piece that is essential for the production